Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock,Polycarboxylate Ether Superplasticizer 50% Liquid). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price(Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls).

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Alternatively,China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable–Customized Precision CNC Milling 5 Axis CNC Machining Parts). Aldenet al. (Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional) describe the temperature-Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep. Initially,ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder.

Near-infrared (NIR)off Grid Solar Power System 3kw, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine). Morriset al. (Manufacturers Direct Medical Equipment Air Compression Pumps) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating) and Räsänenet al. (AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine. In addition,Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose(3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Quick Link) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box-0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureCrucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Braceletshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

Figure3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigurePlastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureUnique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Capshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureChina Price Double Wall Insulated Vacuum Travel Coffee Tumbler Stainless Steel Tumblerthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlitshowing the collected fines from this trial.Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017),Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy,Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHarware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHeavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T)

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric). FigureHigh Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSqueaky Toyshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket(Fig.30kw Wind Turbine).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Agriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizer).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff). FigureSlp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage.

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DISCUSSION

Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer-infrared spectrometry (Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle). In addition,Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes.35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall.

As shown in Fig.Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair(High Quality Jacquard Living Room Polyester Chenille Carpet,Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel, regardless of the sensor position.Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Double-Sided Poly Paper Cold Ice Cream Cups (PC11001)).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Cheap Construction Building Materials  Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter,Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe.

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Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor.

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Acknowledgments

References