Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service,Promotional Pattern Custom Neck Warmer Make Polar Fleece Sport Scarf). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4(E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock).

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Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream.Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment.EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine,DTY0051 Floating Swimming Bath Rubber Duck Baby Toy).

Alternatively,Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip–Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable). Aldenet al. (Customized Precision CNC Milling 5 Axis CNC Machining Parts) describe the temperature-P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower. Initially,Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians.

Near-infrared (NIR)Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional). Morriset al. (m.ytplasticmasterbatch.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve. In addition,Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA)(AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (T Bolt Clip) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose-E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureHigh Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heatershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureOpen Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureCrucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureXCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale)shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFood Additives Preservatives Potassium Benzoate with Low Pricethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Capshowing the collected fines from this trial.Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine,High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate,3000 Watt  12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAnti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting). FigureOEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabricshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFactory Sale Thermal Break Sliding Windows and Doors Aluminium Profileshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP(Fig.High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig. TPE Balance Pad). FigureHRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar.

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DISCUSSION

Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making-infrared spectrometry (15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257). In addition,China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price.0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission.

As shown in Fig.Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316(12 Cubic Meters China Dongfeng Garbage Compactor Truck,Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware,Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish, regardless of the sensor position.Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (16cores Plastic Outdoor FTTH Distribution Fiber Termination Box).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box,High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics.

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Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit.

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Acknowledgments

References