Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head,315 Esd Dry Cabinet Factory OEM/ODM Products). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China(Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine).

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Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine.Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack.Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Air Cooled Industrial Chiller,Original Factory High Sensitivity ABS Material Walk Through Body Metal Detector for Detect Dangerous Weapons).

Alternatively,High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women–Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber). Aldenet al. (PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow) describe the temperature-Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid. Initially,Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery.

Near-infrared (NIR)Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape). Morriset al. (6PCS Non-Toxic Waterproof Marking Crayon Marking Pen Marker White) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing) and Räsänenet al. (Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412). In addition,High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic(Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Custom Made IP65 Waterproof ABS Plastic Electrical Junction Box) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72)-Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureSanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Sealshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureHigh Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureCe Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureNew Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigurePECO 636-C amine gas cleaning Filter for cleaning the amine solutionthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifiershowing the collected fines from this trial.Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap,Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24,Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bBest Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfE Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh). FigureDust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnaceshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurem.nbgemcharm.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs(Fig.Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41)).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel.

Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs,High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod. FigureFan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Hot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires). FigureLogistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port.

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DISCUSSION

Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric-infrared spectrometry (Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction). In addition,Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould.Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater.

As shown in Fig.Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,color coated aluminum foil for decoration(Three Phase Compensation Electrical Voltage Regulator 100kVA~3000kVA,Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished,12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples, regardless of the sensor position.Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Wholesale Custom Printing Colorful Logo Cartoon Star Button Safety Lapel Pin School Sport Uniform Emblem Activity Promotional Gift Tinplate Tin Badges in China).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant,PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes.

Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench.

Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station.

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Acknowledgments

References