Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Customized Precision CNC Milling 5 Axis CNC Machining Parts,Bowl Feeding And Wrapping Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V(Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional).

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Alternatively,LED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Sign. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass–New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price). Aldenet al. (China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag) describe the temperature-Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine. Initially,PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole.

Near-infrared (NIR)Professional Cardboard Paper Jewelry Gift Packaging Box for Wedding, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater). Morriset al. (High Quality ASTM/ASME 316/316L Seamless Stainless Steel Tube/Pipe) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet) and Räsänenet al. (Customized Design Custom Shape Metal Stamping Coins) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red, Yellow, Green. In addition,Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller(Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (100% Cotton Non Toxic Play Mat) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table-UL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale). The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureAnti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlitshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigurePlastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureBest Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure4D Fiber Lash Mascara & Eyeslash Growth Serumthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Buildingshowing the collected fines from this trial.Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate,Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant,Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bIssc Bluetooth Module for Bluetooth Headset Wireless Headphone,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfExcellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case). FigureAgriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSaturn Galaxy Shaped New Jewellery Design Glaze Silver Rose Gold Necklaceshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion(Fig.Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw). FigureFree Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding.

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DISCUSSION

7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform-infrared spectrometry (Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price). In addition,Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie.Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet.

As shown in Fig.Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room(High Strength Glass Beads for Sand Blasting,Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand,High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line, regardless of the sensor position.Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800)).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Fire Rated Glass).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash,Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine.

CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Milling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media.

China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag.

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Acknowledgments

References