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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow,DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow,DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG), and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration.Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light.Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box. However,Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines.Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping,Solar Pv Pump Inverter). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar(IP65 Outdoor SMD P10 Full Color Advertising LED Billboard).
Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing,Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars).Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale, care must be taken to avoid over-Rubber Dic Return Roller, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine.
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Alternatively,CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table–Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire). Aldenet al. (Prefabricated Building in Warehouse) describe the temperature-Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line. Initially,Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron). Morriset al. (Clip Applicator) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price) and Räsänenet al. (100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler. In addition,Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819)(Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Cookies Making Machine Manufacturers Cheap Price) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.World Flag Mini Car Flags-Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureProfessional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoesshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureOilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.3axles 58.5m3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG Tank Trailer Export to Africa Used LPG Tank Trailer Propane Transport Trailers Truck Semi Trailer LPG Trailer for Sale, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCarbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Toolshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFactory Direct Sale Melamine Chipboard for Indoor Furniturethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.20000 lb 4 levels auto stackershowing the collected fines from this trial.China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock,for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis,Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bChinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfTop Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract). FigureTractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHot Sale Good Quality Faucet Accessories Manufactureshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine(Fig.Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap). Figure11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer.
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DISCUSSION
Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material-infrared spectrometry (China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove). In addition,CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum.25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper.
As shown in Fig.with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre(Clout Nails,6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising,Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event, regardless of the sensor position.65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Air bed).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits,MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press.
New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato.
Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow.2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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