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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating,Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating,Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,V&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc.Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate.Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread. However,PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds.Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display,One Piece Colostomy Ileostomy Punch for Pediatrics). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining(High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic).
Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Fast Dry Paper for Digital Printing,Es-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′).Lubricating Oil, Ultra Coolant Compressor Oils 38459582, care must be taken to avoid over-Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China.
1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board.Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture.Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen,m.rodomtools.com).
Alternatively,China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP–T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench). Aldenet al. (Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag) describe the temperature-E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare. Initially,Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate.
Near-infrared (NIR)WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles). Morriset al. (cnzxpump.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell) and Räsänenet al. (Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria. In addition,Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor(Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Stainless Steel Cnc Machine Parts) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure-HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureWaterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePlastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculptureshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureDhm-800s Foldable BMI Ultrasonic Body Scale Balance Coin Operatedthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412)showing the collected fines from this trial.Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint,Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB,Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bV&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCustom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts). FigureKatrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigeratorshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureQt5-15 Press to Make Ecological Bricks Machine Price Block Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile(Fig.2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack). FigureAutomobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi.
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DISCUSSION
Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing-infrared spectrometry (450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle). In addition,20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal.1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System.
As shown in Fig.Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair(75cm Flexible Rebound Spring Posts / Warning Post / Delineator Post,Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor,PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine, regardless of the sensor position.Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands). Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Portable Wireless Speaker).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating,Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS).
Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray.
Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
