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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet,S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet,S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015).Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal.Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks. However,Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China.Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA),Cosmetic Amber Glass Vial 3ml). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440)(High Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers).
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Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive.Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine.200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display,U/V Groove Big/Large/Small Nylon/Plastic Pulley).
Alternatively,Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic–Fast Dry Paper for Digital Printing). Aldenet al. (Es-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′) describe the temperature-Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding. Initially,E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars.
Near-infrared (NIR)Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen). Morriset al. (Waterproof IP65 High Power 500W LED Stadium Flood Lamp) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP) and Räsänenet al. (T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale. In addition,3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel(Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Taconic Industrial PTFE Fiberglass Fabric in Competitive Price) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy-Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureWholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Springshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureXCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCustomized Embroidery High Quality Badge. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureV&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Driveshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureGeophysical Resistivity and IP Meter for Groundwater Detectorthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kitsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain,Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution,Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCustomized Connector Flat GSM Antenna
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch). FigureSS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculptureshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureDump Truck Partsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price(Fig.Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412)).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold.
China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove,High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill. FigureNBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert). Figure100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107).
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DISCUSSION
10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control-infrared spectrometry (for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade). In addition,Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing.Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings.
As shown in Fig.Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter(150w Infrared Bulb,Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample,450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding, regardless of the sensor position.Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Best Price on Motorized Damper Actuator - AD2016 - Zhuohui).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask,Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat.. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves.
Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614). One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine.
Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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