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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0),High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0),High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T).34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine.Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd. However,Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P).Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Es-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′,Mosaic Fire Pit Table). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water(PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen).
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Alternatively,Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles–Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell). Aldenet al. (Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box) describe the temperature-Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group. Initially,Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5.
Near-infrared (NIR)Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring). Morriset al. (360 Degree Car Camera) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010) and Räsänenet al. (Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts. In addition,Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube(Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate SDIC with Best Price) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Home Elevator for 2-4 Person-Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.V&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturersshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureKevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureV1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412), the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureOEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Partsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCnc Engraving And Milling Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigeratorshowing the collected fines from this trial.Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton,Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine,High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Silica Defoamer.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWoodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale). FigureFood Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethersshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSterile Injection Needleshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers(Fig.NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker). FigureLarge Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine.
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DISCUSSION
Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap-infrared spectrometry (PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor). In addition,Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry.Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge.
As shown in Fig.PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps(SS304 Screw Shaft of Automatic High Efficiency Screw Filter Press Dewatering for Sludge Treatment,V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall,Round Cosmetic Powder Puff) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164, regardless of the sensor position.Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm, Robot Arm: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Hymexazol (99%TC, 300SL, 360SL, 70%WP, 70%SP)-Fungicide. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Multi Diamond Wire Saw for Granite).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router,Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet.
Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts.
Moist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-V&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
