Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling,7′′*32 Inch PP/PE/Nylon/PTFE Industrial Water Filter Bag Size Fits in Stainless Steel Bag Filter Housing). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter(Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design).

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Alternatively,Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS–1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate). Aldenet al. (Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA)) describe the temperature-API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer. Initially,CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap.

Near-infrared (NIR)Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers). Morriset al. (Water Bottle Handle Plastic Injection Mould/Molding Machine 80ton Manufacturer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats) and Räsänenet al. (Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality. In addition,Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material(65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (fupitc.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile-OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Fast Dry Paper for Digital Printing. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigurePVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screenshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureRainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureCNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureInositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sellshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSaw Blade Manufacturer Diamond Cutting Disc for Porcelain Tilesthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Boxshowing the collected fines from this trial.125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader,Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window,Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bIndoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPrefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010). FigurePlastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shreddershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBall Millshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt(Fig.Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality). FigureSmall Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain.

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DISCUSSION

CAS: 9003-01-4  Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence-infrared spectrometry (Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator). In addition,Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine.PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence.

As shown in Fig.2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine(m.mybarberchairs.com,Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers,NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux, regardless of the sensor position.Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Goat Fence Panel).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone,2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet.

Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine.

Stainless Steel Tube Manufacturer (317L, 904L, 309S, 310S). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier.

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Acknowledgments

References