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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs,2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs,2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod.Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck.Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank. However,300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric.Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Mask and Clean Space Ultra Respirator,Stainless Steel Cnc Machine Parts). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor(Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer).
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Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor.ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples.Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag,Dt1703W Bathroom Sanitary Ware Luxury White Color Siphonic Intelligent Toilet).
Alternatively,Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator–Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining). Aldenet al. (94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS) describe the temperature-CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China. Initially,Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment.
Near-infrared (NIR)T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate). Morriset al. (Dhm-800s Foldable BMI Ultrasonic Body Scale Balance Coin Operated) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA)) and Räsänenet al. (High Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033). In addition,Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM(Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Qt5-15 Press to Make Ecological Bricks Machine Price Block Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor-988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0).
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P).
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P).
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P).
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureFast Dry Paper for Digital Printingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureStainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureResuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bagshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureGraphite Edm Rodthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handlesshowing the collected fines from this trial.Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS,Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley,Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bP8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPrecision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box). FigureWholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Springshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure75cm Flexible Rebound Spring Posts / Warning Post / Delineator Postshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game(Fig.Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.V&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture). FigureBest Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5.
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DISCUSSION
OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube-infrared spectrometry (for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality). In addition,Home Elevator for 2-4 Person.Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine.
As shown in Fig.OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe(Cnc Laser Cutting Machine,Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley,Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete, regardless of the sensor position.Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Champagne Gold Mirror Etched Passenger Elevator).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter,Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light.
Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine.
High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Silica Defoamer. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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