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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom,Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom,Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet.12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board.Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs. However,Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality.15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery,Activated Carbon). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light(Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9).
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Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck.DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China.Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black,Flat Bottom Glass Test Tube).
Alternatively,2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine–P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display). Aldenet al. (CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum) describe the temperature-DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker. Initially,Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing.
Near-infrared (NIR)Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed ( Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set). Morriset al. (Turmeric Extract) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h) and Räsänenet al. (Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table. In addition,2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley(Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Colorful Led Cap) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661)-Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeepshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureFire Resistance Valve, Hose & Pipe Test Machine, ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheetshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureChinese 1.4 Bdo Manufacturer Factory OEM/ODM Productsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturershowing the collected fines from this trial.Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce,Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink,Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCustomized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel). FigureWholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bagshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure1000d*1000d 30*30 Tarpaulin Heavy Duty PVC Truck Side Curtainshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank(Fig.Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Aluminum Bar Punching Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow). FigureRound Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig. Mining Screen Mesh, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair(Jarliet 150cm Small Breast Little Girl Sex Toys Sex Doll for Pussy and Ass Sex,Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave, regardless of the sensor position.2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (China wholesale 9438904619 9438904919 Shock Absorber - AC1412-SM - Zhuohui).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat,High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine.
Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder.
for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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