Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP,machinefactroy.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid(T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench).

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125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader.Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window.Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell,Tungsten Plate Tungsten Sheet).

Alternatively,Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box–Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring). Aldenet al. (Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010) describe the temperature-10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds. Initially,Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain.

Near-infrared (NIR)Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder). Morriset al. (Wire Stripper Cutter) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve) and Räsänenet al. (Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.CAS: 9003-01-4  Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%. In addition,Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence(V&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Big Wheel Radio Control Amphibious Car) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine-PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureSS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculptureshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

Figure2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

Figure12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolleyshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureChina Halal Fish Gelatin Powderthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Saleshowing the collected fines from this trial.Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh,Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine,Stainless Steel Tube Manufacturer (317L, 904L, 309S, 310S),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bLatest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank). FigureMitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insertshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurewww.chinacoinsandpins.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock(Fig.Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding, Cutting, Polishing Stone.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor). FigureYellow UHMWPE Plastic Mobile Crane Outrigger Pads.

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Customized Metal Parts Stamping

DISCUSSION

PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer-infrared spectrometry (V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL). In addition,Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp.304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs.

As shown in Fig.35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Frog Lamp Light Emitting Diode Warning Taillight Lamp Floodlight. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Customized Design Custom Shape Metal Stamping Coins, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,IP65 Outdoor SMD P10 Full Color Advertising LED Billboard(Minston Ks-Q10 Light for Hospital Equipment Surgery Ceiling Operation Shadowless LED/Halogen Medical Examination Lamp,Round Cosmetic Powder Puff). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,NEMA17 Closed-Loop Servo Stepper Motor with Encoder. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100,PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Thick Wall Sawl Steel Pipe, Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter, regardless of the sensor position.PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mould. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Factory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12, 2024, 2017, 5052, 5083, 5754, 6061, 6063, 6082, 7075, 7A04, 1100: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Wholesale Construction Hand Tools).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Vitamin a Palmitate 1700.000iu / G, Retinol and Tocopherol Stabilized. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Audience Response System App Manufacturers Cheap Price).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Waterproof CREE LED Diving Flashlight 2AA Size (T5155).

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine Qr Code Laser Engraving Machine,Customized Precision CNC Milling 5 Axis CNC Machining Parts. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marble. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Mobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From China.

Forklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.3axles 58.5m3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG Tank Trailer Export to Africa Used LPG Tank Trailer Propane Transport Trailers Truck Semi Trailer LPG Trailer for Sale.

Factory Price Packaging Paper Grey Cardboard 1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 4mm. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Mt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machinery.

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Acknowledgments

References