Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert,Frameless Glass Curtain Wall). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil(Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover).

CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade,Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine).Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert, care must be taken to avoid over-Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17).

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Alternatively,Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample–450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle). Aldenet al. (Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker) describe the temperature-GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric. Initially,Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029).

Near-infrared (NIR)Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding). Morriset al. (Handbags For Women Genuine Leather) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor) and Räsänenet al. (PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws. In addition,450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle(V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Sliding Door Handle) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership-New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Round Cosmetic Powder Puff. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigurePVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fenceshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureKl Feed Pellet Mill. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureResuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Moldshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure2 Person 3-4 Season Backpacking Hiking Mountaineering Travel Family Tentthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Saleshowing the collected fines from this trial.13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale,Air Conditioner Rubber Pads,Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bKeno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Quality Child Book Printing Service

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price). FigureHome Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lockshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureMosaic Fire Pit Tableshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger(Fig.China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Chuke Mini Handheld Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery.

Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine,Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould. Figure2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee). FigureFire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear.

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DISCUSSION

Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds-infrared spectrometry (72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72)). In addition,Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration.Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel.

As shown in Fig.Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum(Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate SDIC with Best Price,Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover,Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Aluminium Full Tension Dead End Anchoring Clamp, Anchor Clamp, regardless of the sensor position.Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Ice Cmc Factory & Manufacturer).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Promotion Carton Knife and Opener,Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine.

New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.High Quality Softgel Capsule.

Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331).

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Acknowledgments

References