Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor
Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery,12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery,12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA).Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock.Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles. However,Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt.(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor,New 166cm Tan Skin Japanese Real Doll Oral Vagina Pussy Anal Adult Doll). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate(Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane).
Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat,Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery).Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc, care must be taken to avoid over-62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home.
Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe.steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial.Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine,m.nq-chem.com).
Alternatively,Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould–KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand). Aldenet al. (Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine) describe the temperature-Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate. Initially,3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant.
Near-infrared (NIR)Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM). Morriset al. (Square Led Panel Light) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels) and Räsänenet al. (Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um. In addition,Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric(1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (China Manufacturer Direct Sale 4L Small Oxygen Cylinder) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Blocking Resistance Sic Crucible) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS-SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture.
HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar-Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine.
Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake
Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making
Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSurfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureFDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureFood Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureChina Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lockshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureDismounting Standthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Boxshowing the collected fines from this trial.30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill,PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump,Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFood Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission). FigureA1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCeramic Tile Coating Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics(Fig.4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home.
Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch,Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker. FigurePC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress). FigureOEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels.
Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet
DISCUSSION
Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar-infrared spectrometry (Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding). In addition,Different Types Quail Cage.Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning.
As shown in Fig.Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber(Snack Food Packaging Bag Factory & Manufacturer,Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics,500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL, regardless of the sensor position.OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Skin Ointment Filling Sealing Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera,330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee.
Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle.
Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light.5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils.
Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane-UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba.
Acknowledgments
Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine(NSERC)850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard.
References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
Formats:
- Article |
- Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men |
- Atc CNC 3 Axis CNC Milling Machine Wood Machinery |
- LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W) |
- Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture
