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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad,Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad,Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive.Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101).Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412). However,High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic.72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72).
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge,Cellphone Hot-press Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality(Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor).
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Alternatively,Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine–Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale). Aldenet al. (CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool) describe the temperature-Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07). Initially,Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap.
Near-infrared (NIR)Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft). Morriset al. (40cm Led Ceiling Light) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room) and Räsänenet al. (Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm. In addition,Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men(Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Acid Yellow 2g) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice-Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureMt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machineryshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureWhite Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figurecolor coated aluminum foil for decoration. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureAdvertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flagshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureRoller Bearing Catalogthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separatorshowing the collected fines from this trial.Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor,ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples,Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bGorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfMachining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS). Figure1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificateshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCustom Made Stainless Steel Ringshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp(Fig.Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA)).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen). FigureFilter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment.
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DISCUSSION
Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM-infrared spectrometry (T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench). In addition,China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor.988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0).
As shown in Fig.Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter(High Quality Children English Stories Picture Cardboard Book Printing for Kids,Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell,Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P), regardless of the sensor position.Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Dsr Shandong Manufacturer Roots Blower for Water Treatment).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer,PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival.
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Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
