Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments
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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting,Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting,Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile.D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling.Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow. However,DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black.Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG).
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats,Automatic Chocolate Ball Mill Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking(Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material).
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Alternatively,Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Rubber Dic Return Roller-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Es-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′–PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen). Aldenet al. (Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP) describe the temperature-Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch. Initially,Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting.
Near-infrared (NIR)Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench). Morriset al. (Elastic Cotton Net Tubular Compression Bandage) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag) and Räsänenet al. (Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant. In addition,Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface(Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Drilling Bits) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line-Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-World Flag Mini Car Flags. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Good Quality Lift Door Slider. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigurePlastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shreddershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureStainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePortable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.V&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturersshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureISO11925-2 Building Products Single Flame Source Ignitability Apparatusthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watchshowing the collected fines from this trial.Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane,Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part,Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bG-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfOilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412)). Figurefor iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Qualityshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFactory Good Market 44083-60420 for Kawasaki Wheel Loader Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll(Fig.OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade). FigureGalvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure.
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DISCUSSION
4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine-infrared spectrometry (Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack). In addition,4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna.RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine.
As shown in Fig.Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material(Sample Custom Precision Plastic Injection Mold for Car Tail Light,450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker,Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box, regardless of the sensor position.Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Cold Storage Evaporative Air Cooler).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min,Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing.
Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A.
Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
