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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special,LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W)
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special,LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W)
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits.Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish.Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder. However,Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore.30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat,Contact Pvc Card Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker(65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing).
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Alternatively,Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72)–Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T)). Aldenet al. (Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ)) describe the temperature-Different Types Quail Cage-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning. Initially,Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8.
Near-infrared (NIR)Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover). Morriset al. (Interactive Multi Touch Table Kiosk) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber. In addition,Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face( 200kVA)).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. ( Inks) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Skateboard Helmet (SH-40-2)) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth-V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Componentshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureBest Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureShanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureStone Water Jet Cutting Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.NEMA17 Closed-Loop Servo Stepper Motor with Encodershowing the collected fines from this trial.UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900,Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba,Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCustom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfGood Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap). FigureFireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Boardshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFactory Price LED Light Outdoor Lamp 100W 150W 200W IP65 LED Street Lightshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter(Fig.HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101)).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013).
Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004),Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch. FigureP2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Air Conditioner Rubber Pads). Figure4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase.
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DISCUSSION
Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion-infrared spectrometry (Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box). In addition,Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design.1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer.
As shown in Fig.Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap(PUR Hotmelt Glue Laminating Press Stick Line Machine,Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material, regardless of the sensor position.Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill,250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t.
PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use.
Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
