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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price,4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price,4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine.200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer.Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract. However,Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials.Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle,API 5L ASTM A53 Gr. B Carbon Steel Casing Pipe Used for Water Wells). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box(1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration).
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Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min.Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay.DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting,High Precision Custom Sheet Metal Stamping for Machinery/Furniture/Mobilephone/Auto Part).
Alternatively,65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine–PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm). Aldenet al. (Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill) describe the temperature-Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits. Initially,MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press.
Near-infrared (NIR)New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping). Morriset al. (m.gardenwirefence.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle) and Räsänenet al. (Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato. In addition,Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale(Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Camera Waterproof Case For Nikon Canon) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou-Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heatingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureTBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureNew 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Saw Blade for Harvester Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureIP65 Outdoor SMD P10 Full Color Advertising LED Billboardshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFiberglass Heat Insulation Aluminum Foil Tape Construction Materialthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversingshowing the collected fines from this trial.Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston,Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry,IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPortable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Good Quality Lift Door Slider). FigureLiving Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Tableshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureNutrition 4 Sportshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line(Fig.Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box.
Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100),2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump. FigureOil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty). FigureSamsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall.
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DISCUSSION
Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow-infrared spectrometry (Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min). In addition,50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control.Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle.
As shown in Fig.Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case(Cover Car Mat Cutting Machine,3axles 58.5m3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG Tank Trailer Export to Africa Used LPG Tank Trailer Propane Transport Trailers Truck Semi Trailer LPG Trailer for Sale). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler,Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter, regardless of the sensor position.China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (SKJ Series Wood Pellet Machine with Automatic Lubrication System).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer,42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal.
Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY).
Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag.
3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter-Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller.
Acknowledgments
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References
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