High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration
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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs,Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs,Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup.UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode.Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine. However,100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet.Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba,2PCS Side Entry Wcb Trunnion Mounted Ball Valve of 600lb). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener(Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe).
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Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties.China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium.Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch,SUS304/ 316L 1/4inch-10inch Sanitary Pneumatic Actuator Butterfly Valve).
Alternatively,High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria–ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw). Aldenet al. (PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer) describe the temperature-Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth. Initially,Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers.
Near-infrared (NIR)Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction). Morriset al. (Pulley) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage) and Räsänenet al. (Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber. In addition,Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess(EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041)).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (HDG DIN933 DIN931 Hot DIP Galvanized Hex Bolt) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip-Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2). The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure Sz/Sm Series Performer Compressor for Freezershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureNylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureVintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHybrid Wind Solar Power System Solutions 15kw 9kw 6kwthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Bladesshowing the collected fines from this trial.Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh,23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter,High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMedical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler). FigureFood Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packagingshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureTct Saw Blade For Woodshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence(Fig.Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce.
Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge,Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G. FigureCustomized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9). FigureAutomatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine.
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DISCUSSION
Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China-infrared spectrometry (Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale). In addition,Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine.Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom.
As shown in Fig.DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood(Girls Crossbody Bag,EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display,CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality, regardless of the sensor position.15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules ( Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Stamping Steel Parts).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter,High Precision Human Body Scale. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips.
Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China.
Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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