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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory,2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory,2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe.Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine.Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs. However,Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot.Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P),4 Channel HD Mobile Car GPS DVR Support SD Card for Truck Taxi Bus Fleet). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag(Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24).
Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains,Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair).Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine, care must be taken to avoid over-100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937.
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Alternatively,New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box–Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC). Aldenet al. (Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price) describe the temperature-EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties. Initially,China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing.
Near-infrared (NIR)Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic). Morriset al. (3.3*6.5m 2.5*5.5m Yokohama Fender Price Pneumatic Rubber Fender) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm) and Räsänenet al. (Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale. In addition,Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case(100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Sensirion) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth-Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureDIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushionshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureRechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCustom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureStainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuatorshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureLow Melting Eva Bagsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adaptershowing the collected fines from this trial.China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt,Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine,3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bP2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women). FigureWalk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chambershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBlue Heavy Duty Waterproof Fire Retardant PVC Fabric Viny Coated Tarpaulin Cover Sheetshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope(Fig.PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H).%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal). FigureSuper Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY.
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DISCUSSION
Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding-infrared spectrometry (Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate). In addition,Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce.Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge.
As shown in Fig.Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China(Cryotherapy Facial Machine,Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing,for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines, regardless of the sensor position.Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Floating Water Bounces Ball).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board,Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging.
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100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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