Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750,Chinese Furniture Metal Chair Dining Table Chair Used Banquet Chair). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket(L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane).

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Alternatively,Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures ( Hospital Price–Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring). Aldenet al. (Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve) describe the temperature-Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price. Initially,Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Industrial Used ISO Tank Container. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair.

Near-infrared (NIR)OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine). Morriset al. (6v Dc Micro Motor For Hair Curler) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp) and Räsänenet al. (Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen. In addition,Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel(Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Sinpure OEM Small Diameter Stainless Steel 90 Degree Bent Tube for Medical Use) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use-Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureHigh Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pumpshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigurePortable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureCold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFlexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheetshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureChina Jacquard Stripe Tankini Swimwearthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Priceshowing the collected fines from this trial.2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine,Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction,Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bBrass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016). FigureHardboard for Ceiling Wood Grainshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureStainless Steel Filter Plateshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid(Fig.100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig. Hotel. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator). FigureCustom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic.

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DISCUSSION

Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler-infrared spectrometry (Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence). In addition,CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool.Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup.

As shown in Fig.3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment(Battery Storage System Copper Busbar 3u Flexible 3X20X180X0.1mm,High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine,Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S), regardless of the sensor position.Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Commerical Coffee Mchine Espresso).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier,UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design.

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Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit.

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Acknowledgments

References