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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base,OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base,OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Home Elevator for 2-4 Person, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine.Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater.Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator. However,2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion,Mommy Diaper Bag). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete(4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price).
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Alternatively,Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette–American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid). Aldenet al. (Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles) describe the temperature-High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Silica Defoamer. Initially,Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600.
Near-infrared (NIR)Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging). Morriset al. (China Automatic Pullets Cage Raising Machinery) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc) and Räsänenet al. (Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps. In addition,Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator(90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Factory Supply Hot-DIP Galvanized DIN763 Commercial Link Chain Made in China) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine-Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG). The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSenken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lightingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm, Robot Arm. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHymexazol (99%TC, 300SL, 360SL, 70%WP, 70%SP)-Fungicide. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottleshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure100W CO2 Laser Engraving Machine with Rotary Axisthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tilesshowing the collected fines from this trial.1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router,Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone,Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bDn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts). FigureWholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Boxshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAmerican Type Simple Design Ceramic Zinc Alloy Furniture Cabinet Drawer or Door Pull Handlesshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts(Fig.120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Moist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Saw Blade for Harvester Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars). FigureV&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive.
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DISCUSSION
Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers-infrared spectrometry (Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table). In addition,Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate.Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread.
As shown in Fig.Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining(High Quality 2ton Narrow Aisle Electric Articulated Forklift,Prefabricated Building in Warehouse). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron,10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Lubricating Oil, Ultra Coolant Compressor Oils 38459582.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board, regardless of the sensor position.OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Bike Washing Equipment).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag,Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment.
Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse.
Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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