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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve,100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17)
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve,100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17)
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L.Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head.Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger. However,GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing.China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line,5 Sets of Pressure Roller 2kg Retention Testing Machine Testing Wquipment). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029)(Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging).
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Alternatively,Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb–G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet). Aldenet al. (Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine) describe the temperature-China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Natural Organic Garlic Powder. Initially,Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve.
Near-infrared (NIR)18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives). Morriset al. (2 Cargo Lashing Ratchet Tie Down Straps with Ergo Ratchet) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (WiFi Flat Antenna) and Räsänenet al. (Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net. In addition,Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board(2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (circle plate aluminium for traffic sign) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (3d Printer Motor Parts High Quality Supplier) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Kl Feed Pellet Mill-Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-High Quality Child Book Printing Service. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigurePP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Lineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Fire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureTubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureWireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Makingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCompressor Price Listthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ceshowing the collected fines from this trial.Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel,Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings,Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified). FigureBest Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureReusable Twist Cable Tie with Double Iron Wiresshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum(Fig.Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry). FigureFarm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant.
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DISCUSSION
Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Promotion Carton Knife and Opener-infrared spectrometry (Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Cases). In addition,Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108.Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag.
As shown in Fig.Custom Screw, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High Quality Softgel Capsule. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer(Dismounting Stand,Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Save 70% Electric Keep 55deg. C Hot Water High Cop4.28 12kw, 19kw, 35kw, 70kw R410A Fish Pond Heater Air Heat Pump. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket,Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331), regardless of the sensor position.Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (3 Core Armoured Cable LV Mv Power Cable with Copper Conductor PVC/XLPE Insulation Swa).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt,High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture.
Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty.
Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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