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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel,circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel,circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material.Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts.Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans. However,Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag.3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe,Sand Washing Sludge Dewatering Machine of Filter Press). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve(Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket).
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Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003.Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps.Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid,Double Vacuum 304 Stainless Steel Insulation Pot Outdoor Sports Bottle Car Travel Pot Gift Custom Mug with 1200ml).
Alternatively,Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands)–Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow). Aldenet al. (Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash) describe the temperature-150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-off Grid Solar Power System 5kw. Initially,Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna). Morriset al. (Wicker Baskets Toronto) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price) and Räsänenet al. (Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair. In addition,Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women(Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Sinotruk HOWO A7 420HP 6X4 10 Wheeler Tractor Head Truck Price) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen-Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA). The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureModern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Tableshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureLaser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureAnti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Controlshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure24ft Industrial Ceiling Fanthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH)showing the collected fines from this trial.62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting,Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home,Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfBig Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck). FigureWelcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Capshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureMetal Forging Parts Supplies in China Custom Serviceshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks(Fig.Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base). Figure3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter.
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DISCUSSION
10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP-infrared spectrometry (Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus). In addition,MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um.Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric.
As shown in Fig. Bathroom, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake(70watts Outdoor High Lumen Solar Light LED Street Light with COB Lamps,Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom,Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission, regardless of the sensor position.Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W). Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Alloy Wheel Repair Cnc Lathe).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316,Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish.
Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore.
30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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