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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee,Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee,Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine.2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED.Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils. However,Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane.UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine,2017 Chubont Fashion and Elegant Clutch Bag Mini Bag). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard(10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant).
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Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004).Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch.4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence,m.puyerinternationalgroup.com).
Alternatively,Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price–High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape). Aldenet al. (High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine) describe the temperature-Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer. Initially,API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden.
Near-infrared (NIR)Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete). Morriset al. (Center Cnc Machining) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face) and Räsänenet al. (Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap. In addition,Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC(Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (hbzhongrunfelt.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality-Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price). The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureLow Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105Wshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureAmerican Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureMini Digger Hot Sale in Australia. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePlastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureNoodle Golfthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Lineshowing the collected fines from this trial.CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting,High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction,125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bIndustrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp). FigureD Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radioshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureTableware Matt Surface Green Bamboo Durable Safe Plastic Melamine Noodle Bowl Soup Bowlshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush(Fig.2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank). The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric). FigureClear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet.
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DISCUSSION
Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100-infrared spectrometry (MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine). In addition,CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%.Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence.
As shown in Fig.Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate(Laser Co2 Marking Machine,Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service,E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products, regardless of the sensor position.Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Stainless Steel Hospital-Use Scrub Sink (THR-SS028)).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15,Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette.
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Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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