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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap,Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap,Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane.Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring.Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms. However,Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe.100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children,Frp Roofing Sheets Price). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis( Leatherst600).
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Alternatively,200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Frog Lamp Light Emitting Diode Warning Taillight Lamp Floodlight–steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial). Aldenet al. (Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price) describe the temperature-Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material. Initially,CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box.
Near-infrared (NIR)Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump). Morriset al. (Qz Auto Industrial Lifting Magnets) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB) and Räsänenet al. ((BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006). In addition,OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve(OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Forklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Cm1 3p 63AMP 63 AMP 63A AC Electric Leakage MCCB MCB Moulded Case Circuit Breaker) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre-Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtrationshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureWhite Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureDuctile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePromotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure18W LED Panel Light Square Ceiling Lamp IP44 for Indoorsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Sizeshowing the collected fines from this trial.Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags,Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door,Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPortable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfBeauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine). FigureExercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Matshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChina Folding Electric Scooter For Adultshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame(Fig.Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line(Best Light Alarm Clock,Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100), regardless of the sensor position.2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow,50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ.
Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill.
0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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Acknowledgments
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References
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