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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve,Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve,Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine.Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap.Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24. However,Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm.Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape,Trapezoidal Threaded Rod). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction(High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8)).
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16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck.Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank.300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Automobile Fuse,CNC Machining Parts Tactical Optics Scopes /Night Vision Telescopes/Rifle Optics).
Alternatively,Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;–Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot). Aldenet al. (Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications) describe the temperature-Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005). Initially,White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-color coated aluminum foil for decoration. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041).
Near-infrared (NIR)Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant). Morriset al. (Die Cutting Heat Transfer Printing Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens) and Räsänenet al. (Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples. In addition,Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner(Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Contactless Nfc Business Card Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling-Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033).
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033).
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033).
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0). Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHigh Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lockshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureWarranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureScrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013), the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureExport China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakesshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCustomized Single Phase 350W 230V 50Hz Odp Protection Electric Motor for Grinderthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbagshowing the collected fines from this trial.Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine,Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd,Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bFire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAir Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting). FigurePeel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Materialshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePlywood Qd-6090tshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die(Fig. Manual).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer.
PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow,Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler. Figure1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts). Figure2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival.
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DISCUSSION
Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor-infrared spectrometry (Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge). In addition,Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale.Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch.
As shown in Fig.Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage(Blue Oyster (Ostracean) Tablet Tabletting Candy 0.8g/PCS Reproductive Immune Support Health Food,Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould,Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts, regardless of the sensor position.Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Home Elevator for 2-4 Person: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (The Sitting Room Partition).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater,Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe.
Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve.
Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
