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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine,Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine,Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting.19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart.Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm. However,High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains.Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet,High Quality Metal Display Ball Tube Hook Football Basketball Huthalter). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane(Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump).
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High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe.Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair.Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine,Military Print Fabric).
Alternatively,Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe–Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer). Aldenet al. (Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle) describe the temperature-Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup. Initially,UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap). Morriset al. (Warehouse Storage Tire Rack) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod) and Räsänenet al. (China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937. In addition,Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta(with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (L-Theanine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding-Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stockshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureLight Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Giftshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureJomo Lite 60 Vape Kit 60W 1600mAh E-Cigarettethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Mylar Film Slitting Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber,Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess,Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMax-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP). FigureDisposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwearshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureElectric Surfboard Motorshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts(Fig.Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel.
Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle,Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2). FigureEnergy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red). FigureRechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM.
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DISCUSSION
Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt-infrared spectrometry (Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine). In addition,Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine.3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price.
As shown in Fig.New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H), the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh(Ximi Group Factory Supplier Baso4 Plastic Filler Masterbatch,Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare,Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY, regardless of the sensor position.Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (www.aluminumly.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge,Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt.
Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China.
Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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