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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4,Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010)
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4,Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010)
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.off Grid Solar Power System 5kw.Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment.EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine. However,Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training.Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;,Astm A106 Seamless Pipe). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower(Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot).
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24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve.Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA).Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens,www.febwebbing.com).
Alternatively,E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer–Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH). Aldenet al. (Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess) describe the temperature-(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine. Initially,Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket.
Near-infrared (NIR)Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction). Morriset al. (Boiler Seamless Steel Pipe/Tube) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe) and Räsänenet al. (High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting. In addition,Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home(Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Fence Welded Square Hole Wire Mesh) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe-steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013). The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureExport China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakesshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureSS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure Manualshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figureexcaliburgeneratorthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Routershowing the collected fines from this trial.Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake,Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making,China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSemi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAutomatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail). FigurePortable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiographshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureShallow Conical Headsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special(Fig.12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W).%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould). FigureWine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine.
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DISCUSSION
Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore-infrared spectrometry (6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine). In addition,30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill.PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump.
As shown in Fig.Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors(100 Ton Hydraulic Bottle Jack,CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft,Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker, regardless of the sensor position.OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Excavator Hydraulic Orange Peels Grab Bucket).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Different Types Quail Cage,Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma.
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China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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