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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils,Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils,Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine.850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE.Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter. However,Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined.2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013).
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality,Cheap Back Adjustable Assembly Hall Synthetic Leather Bar Stools (UL-JT822)). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase(High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts).
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1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer.API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type.Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors,Natural Lava Stone Volcanic Rock Water Filter).
Alternatively,CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine–Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price). Aldenet al. (Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine) describe the temperature-Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality. Initially,Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S)). Morriset al. (Empty Glass Candle Jar) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled) and Räsänenet al. (High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water. In addition,10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill(Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Facial Mask Cutting Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price)-Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phoneshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureFuryu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureIndustrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelvesshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureUv Resistant Resin Roofing Tilethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cuttingshowing the collected fines from this trial.Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt,10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module,2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bUHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes). Figure2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCNC Custom Stud Bolts Square Typeshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain(Fig.Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce). FigurePVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence.
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DISCUSSION
High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate-infrared spectrometry (Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100). In addition,Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete.Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine.
As shown in Fig.Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock(Sud450h Termofusion Welding Machine HDPE Pipe Fusion Butt Welders,WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber,Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone, regardless of the sensor position.2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Dry Fit Custom Sublimation Yoga Pants for Women Wholesale Leggings).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine,Stainless Steel Tube Manufacturer (317L, 904L, 309S, 310S). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS.
Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier.
Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding, Cutting, Polishing Stone. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Customized Metal Parts Stamping.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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