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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core,PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core,PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera.330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL.Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee. However,Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units.Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block,Stainless Steel Pharmaceutical Jackted Reactor with Stirrer). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light(Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative).
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Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba.Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine.850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman,Trendy Custom Logo Sling Shoulder Bag Genuine Leather Women Shell Bag).
Alternatively,Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve–Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks). Aldenet al. (Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder) describe the temperature-2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004). Initially,Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable.
Near-infrared (NIR)Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch). Morriset al. (Air Filter Used In Air Purifier) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press) and Räsänenet al. (Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion. In addition,Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design(PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Drive Input Shaft) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer-API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig. Medical Ce. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureWater-Proof Nylon Cable Gland. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureDigital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCustom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screwshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure3D Hidden Seriesthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toysshowing the collected fines from this trial.Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use,Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine,Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAutomatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAmerican Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale). Figure22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactoryshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePVDF High Strength Anti-Corrosion Aluminum Honeycomb Panel for Container Claddingshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia(Fig.2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty). FigureCardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window.
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DISCUSSION
Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed-infrared spectrometry (Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part). In addition,Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt.10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module.
As shown in Fig.Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100(Hair Remover Hard Wax Beans Wooden Spatula,High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat,Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine, regardless of the sensor position.PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (China 150w Solar Panel).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete,Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal.
Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature.
Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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