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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture,Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture,Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional.E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare.Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse. However,Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine.1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair,Factory OEM Laser Cutting Sheet Metal with Nickel Plating for Electronic Equipment Fabrication Parts). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor(F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits).
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Alternatively,Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red–Lifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube). Aldenet al. (Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine) describe the temperature-DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm. Initially,Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade.
Near-infrared (NIR)2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate). Morriset al. (Standing Type Electric Tow Tractor) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc) and Räsänenet al. (Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer. In addition,Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone(Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B)).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (www.blockmachinechina.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint-Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSquare Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargersshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureMf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensorshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure1mm Ball Nose End Mill Cutters Factory OEM/ODM Productsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cuttershowing the collected fines from this trial.High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building,Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person,Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bChina Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCommercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price). FigureStainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurejprmodelshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine(Fig.School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig. 904L).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser.
Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands),Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts. FigureWelding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy). FigureWholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig. RoHS, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad(Automatic PC Bar Button Hot Heading Machine,Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid,Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7), regardless of the sensor position.Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Direct Blue 15).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size,ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru.
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12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
