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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc,Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc,Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds.Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine.Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center. However,Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining.Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer,4010 Vis à billes). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China(Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane).
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Alternatively,Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans–Wool Process Machine Cashmere /Sheep Wool Combing Machine for Dehairing Cashmere /Yak/Camel Combed Fine Sheep Cashmere Wool Fibre Textile Machine). Aldenet al. (China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer) describe the temperature-1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA. Initially,Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure.
Near-infrared (NIR)HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls). Morriset al. (ESD Emr 21g 4mm Injection Needle for Endoscopic Injection) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment) and Räsänenet al. (Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers. In addition,3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line(High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Portable Fridge DC 12V Compressor Freezer Refrigerator for Trucks Caravans) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag-All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureFoska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Staplershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureTwo Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureAcm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh Quality Softgel Capsuleshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSemi-Finished Mixed Injectable Liquid Cutting Blend 500mg/Mlthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification Systemshowing the collected fines from this trial.Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer,Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile,Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw). FigureAgricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agricultureshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChina Universal Rocker Milling Machine Manufacturersshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid(Fig.Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0)).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated). Figure20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal.
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DISCUSSION
230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J)-infrared spectrometry (High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board). In addition,High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building.Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person.
As shown in Fig.ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor(Ascending Plating,White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine,100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands).
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts, regardless of the sensor position.Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS).
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal,High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank.
OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal.
Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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