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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Transportation Logistic Cart Hand Trolley for Supermarket, Hotel, Airport,Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Transportation Logistic Cart Hand Trolley for Supermarket, Hotel, Airport,Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902.for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring.Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002). However,Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim.ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products,2019 New Arrival Women Crossbody Sling Bags Fashion Eco Leather PU Handbags for Ladies 60100). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor(Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale).
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210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203.Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering.Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap,www.citystreetlighting.com).
Alternatively,Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Mobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From China–Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China). Aldenet al. (Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar) describe the temperature-Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock. Initially,Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket.
Near-infrared (NIR)Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame). Morriset al. (Frozen Cooler Bag) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer) and Räsänenet al. (Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier. In addition,Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections(220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S)).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Reishi Mushroom Extract) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe-American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig. Curtain Panel. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureWool Process Machine Cashmere /Sheep Wool Combing Machine for Dehairing Cashmere /Yak/Camel Combed Fine Sheep Cashmere Wool Fibre Textile Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureWaste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureFiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recyclingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBamboo Cosmetic Bottlethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboardshowing the collected fines from this trial.Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale,Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler,Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfMotorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings). FigureFoska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Staplershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure10 Touch Screen Monitor High Quality Suppliershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material(Fig.4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High Quality Softgel Capsule. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture). FigureMudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus.
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DISCUSSION
Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women-infrared spectrometry (Modular Home for Accommodation Solution). In addition,Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof.SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator.
As shown in Fig.Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress(Machinery Urethane Spare Parts,LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt,988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10, regardless of the sensor position.Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Christmas Seed Card).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch,175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory.
2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display.
Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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