Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room,Apron Front Sink). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing(Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit).

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Alternatively,9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill–Mt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machinery). Aldenet al. (Mask and Clean Space Ultra Respirator) describe the temperature-Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063. Initially,Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid.

Near-infrared (NIR)ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer). Morriset al. (Thermal Portable Insulated Cooler Lunch Dinner Bag for Travel Picnic Food Drinks Custom Ziplock Food Bag Food Bag Tote Cooler Bag) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling) and Räsänenet al. (Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting. In addition,Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes(Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Microcurrent Ultrasonic Beauty Device) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100-Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet.

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Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe

Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

Figure1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificateshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

Figure19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureNkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Displayshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureLifestyle Kids Watchthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramicshowing the collected fines from this trial.Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive,Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine,200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHeat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Es-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′). FigurePVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screenshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurewww.arabellaclothing.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter(Fig.Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder). FigureWelding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars.

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DISCUSSION

Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel-infrared spectrometry (Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878)). In addition,High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy.Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce.

As shown in Fig.V&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair(Paper Egg Tray Molding Machine,Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers,Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal, regardless of the sensor position.EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Green&Health Refrigeration Bar&Restaurant Ice Maker Ldb-150/350/500 Commercial Ice Cube Maker Machine).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire,XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker.

Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution.

Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf.

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Acknowledgments

References