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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine,Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine,Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting.Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type.Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules. However,Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine.Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Cases,Semi Automatic Egg Tray Making Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production(Custom Screw).
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Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229).China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil.CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits,Factory Automotive Medical Equivalent Compatible 4pin Redels Plastic Connector).
Alternatively,Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler–Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber). Aldenet al. (New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine) describe the temperature-20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine. Initially,4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head.
Near-infrared (NIR)Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone). Morriset al. (WILLSEMI) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header) and Räsänenet al. (Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing. In addition,China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric(Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Polypropylene Vegetable and Fruit Small Mesh Drawstring Bags) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed-Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitorsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Natural Organic Garlic Powder, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHome Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePolished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolledshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureWholesale Beautiful Paper Cardboard Cake Boxthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Couplershowing the collected fines from this trial.18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car,No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net,Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Kl Feed Pellet Mill.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bfor iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfResuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers). FigureBlasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safetyshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurefor Sale Mumbai Coimbatore Paper Slitting Machine Manufacturer in Ahmedabadshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire(Fig.Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Air Conditioner Rubber Pads.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine). FigureHigh Quality Child Book Printing Service.
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DISCUSSION
Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery-infrared spectrometry (2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine). In addition,Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine.Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould.
As shown in Fig.Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Fire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration(Fully Automatic Sheet-Feeding Paper Shopping Bag Making Machine (ZB1260s-450),Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter,Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand, regardless of the sensor position.Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Glass Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus,Aluminium Full Tension Dead End Anchoring Clamp, Anchor Clamp. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant.
2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed.
Promotion Carton Knife and Opener. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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