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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional,E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional,E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine.1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA.Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria. However,Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor.Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink,Hdpe Tubing For Water Supply Factory OEM/ODM Products). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line(Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts).
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Alternatively,Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089–High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration). Aldenet al. (2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth) describe the temperature-Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter. Initially,Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint.
Near-infrared (NIR)Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G). Morriset al. (Welding Helmet With Respirator) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can) and Räsänenet al. (Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel. In addition,Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146)(ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting End Plug Schedule 40 NSF-Pw & Upc (ASTM D2466)) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer-Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig. ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922). The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureWholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lidshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureAnti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureTop Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Priceshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHydraulic Pump Sizingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Designshowing the collected fines from this trial.Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring,High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine,Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCe/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfNichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill). FigureHotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floorshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureEducational Factory Good Quality Giant Connect 4 Games Plastic Toysshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts(Fig.Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter). FigureSanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal.
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DISCUSSION
Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank-infrared spectrometry (Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap). In addition,OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car.Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal.
As shown in Fig.Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands(Low Speed 5rpm DC Reduction Gear Motor for Vending Machine,Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain,Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector, regardless of the sensor position.Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Mild Steel Tube Suppliers).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure),OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof.
China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts.
PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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