Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile
and600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven RovingPharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock,Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock,Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls.New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections.API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe. However,American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair.130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting,China 100% Original XCMG Hot Sale Tractor Ty230 Crawler Bulldozer). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Saw Blade for Harvester Machine(Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials).
PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall,3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag).Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit, care must be taken to avoid over-6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh.
Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers.Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance.6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker,Medical Disposable Sterile Insulin Syringe with Fixed Needle).
Alternatively,Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures ( Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm–Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part). Aldenet al. (Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders) describe the temperature-Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner. Initially,Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting.
Near-infrared (NIR)Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm). Morriset al. (A4 Size Laser Inkjet Labels) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosity) and Räsänenet al. (Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing. In addition,Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material(China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Panel Formwork with Plywood Used in Civil Engineering) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis-China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe.
Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55-Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker.
Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus
Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply
Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machiningshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureLow Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packagingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureGlass Straight Line Beveing Edge Grinding Machine Glass Polisher Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Discshowing the collected fines from this trial.Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart,Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm,High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPlastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle). Figure1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decorationshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSoft Cling Filmshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder(Fig.Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG)).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory.
2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger,P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display. Figure330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles). FigureNylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts.
High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe
DISCUSSION
Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine-infrared spectrometry (OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts). In addition,Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs.Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot.
As shown in Fig.Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode(Mobile Phone Holder,120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating,High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937, regardless of the sensor position.Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (www.tysonleather.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine,PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties.
China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can.
High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale.Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth.
Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric-Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers.
Acknowledgments
Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH)(NSERC)Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber.
References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
