Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank,Carat Tube HDPE Sewer Pipe Corrugated Pipe Krah Pipe Carat Tube). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission(Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode).

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Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316.Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits.Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel,Couples Toys).

Alternatively,FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House–059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer). Aldenet al. (Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid) describe the temperature-30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump. Initially,Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging.

Near-infrared (NIR)Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Deep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cage). Morriset al. (www.pushpullconnector.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve) and Räsänenet al. (2bmf Series Seeder) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors. In addition,Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home(Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Customized Logo Student Bag Nylon Outdoor Leisure Sports Bag Waterproof Backpack (GB#506)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Fashion Design Pendant Stainless Steel Necklace) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch-Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureLeaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02bshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureV-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureOEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePlastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machineryshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAluminum Show Event Stage Truss for Outdoor Performancethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heatingshowing the collected fines from this trial.Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry,Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner,Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfLithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction). FigureCordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleanershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureTp316L Stainless Steel Hollow Section Rectangular Pipeshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee(Fig.Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454)).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel). Figure2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light.

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DISCUSSION

Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane-infrared spectrometry (Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water). In addition,UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900.Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba.

As shown in Fig.UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined(Combustion Toxicity Test Apparatus,off Grid Solar Power System 5kw). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004).

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch, regardless of the sensor position.4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Mould for Shell of Electric Rice Cooker).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design,1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer.

CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover.

Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile.

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Acknowledgments

References