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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Aluminium Full Tension Dead End Anchoring Clamp, Anchor Clamp,Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Aluminium Full Tension Dead End Anchoring Clamp, Anchor Clamp,Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed.Promotion Carton Knife and Opener.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108.Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag. However,Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine.New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings,8 Heads Satin Ribbons Wrapping Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer(Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps).
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2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine.500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler.Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price,Black Toner Cartridge for HP CE285A Laser Printer).
Alternatively,2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery–Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016). Aldenet al. (Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain) describe the temperature-100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine. Initially,Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell.
Near-infrared (NIR)Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light). Morriset al. (Al Profiles Extrusion) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle) and Räsänenet al. (1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc. In addition,Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable(Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. ( Hotel) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Special Horizontal CNC Lathe with 2 Cutting Tool Carriage for Machining 8 Meters Cylinder (CG61160)) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine-Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Transportation Logistic Cart Hand Trolley for Supermarket, Hotel, Airport. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurantshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFreely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tapeshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureManufacture Customized Cube Filter Honeycomb Activated Carbon for HEPA Industrial Air Filtersthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.High Precision Stick Film Patching Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror,Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor,Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bFarm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWholesale Construction Hand Tools, Brick Trowels / Plastering Trowels
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face). FigurePlastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure700ml Screw Cap Crystal Transparent Glass Bottlesshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s(Fig.Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering.
Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant,Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality. FigureAutomatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die). FigurePg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder.
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DISCUSSION
Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock-infrared spectrometry (3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line). In addition,Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine.Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment.
As shown in Fig.for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe(Carbon Steel Cnc Plasma Cutting Machine,Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio,2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings, regardless of the sensor position.SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Saw Blade for Harvester Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Wall Mount Bathroom Blow-Dryer Organizer Storage with Vacuum Suction Cup).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels,Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance.
6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical.
Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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