30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank)
andRechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODMCellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser,Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser,Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber.Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth.V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL. However,OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core.PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture,Standards Hydraulic Cylinder). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera(Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe).
330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Modular Home for Accommodation Solution,Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator).Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL, care must be taken to avoid over-Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units.
Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle.Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor.Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display,608 Bearing Supplier Best-Selling).
Alternatively,2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt–988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0)). Aldenet al. (4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack) describe the temperature-Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900. Initially,Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard.
Near-infrared (NIR)Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband). Morriset al. (m.haizhilimachinery.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated) and Räsänenet al. (Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter. In addition,Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined(High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (High Quality Motorcycle Starting Lever Motorcycle Parts for Cg125/Cg150/CB125) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013)-Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004).
Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch-4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase.
Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable
Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar
Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufactureshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureSheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePeel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generatorshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHandle Chrome Metalizing Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seatingshowing the collected fines from this trial.OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine,Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale,Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHeavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits). FigureCustom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bagshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChina Wholesale Double Wall Vacuum Insulated Travel Rambler Stainless Steel 30oz Coffee Tumbler Mugshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland(Fig.DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black.
Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use,Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine. FigureNo Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale). FigureWaterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light.
Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments
DISCUSSION
American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia-infrared spectrometry ( Mirror). In addition,Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide.CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting.
As shown in Fig.4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush(Mobile/Smart/Cell Phone Touch Screen for iPhone Samsung,Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can,Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module, regardless of the sensor position.2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (10-80V Forklift Laser Rectangle 30W CREE LED Emergency Light).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100,CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine.
PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass.
High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete.Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products.
Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal-Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature.
Acknowledgments
Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock(NSERC)Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15.
References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
