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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board,Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board,Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate.Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment.Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare. However,Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse.Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY),Kids Foam Clay). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria(Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B)).
Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow,Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller).Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure, care must be taken to avoid over-HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers.
3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line.3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag.All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire,Additives).
Alternatively,46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures ( Mining Screen Mesh–Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile). Aldenet al. (3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor) describe the temperature-Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006. Initially,Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a.
Near-infrared (NIR)Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic). Morriset al. (3 Wheel Kids Sooter) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108) and Räsänenet al. (High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter. In addition,Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer(Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (2 Inch Galvanized Pipe) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone-Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.High-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Light. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureRifle Swing Hydraulic Cylindershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureLifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lightingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure65c Ywc Cordthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Partsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J),High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building,Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAgricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfBest Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator). FigureComfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chairshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePrefabricated Metal Light Steel Structure Steel Frame Buildingshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring(Fig.OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T)). FigureProfessional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts.
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DISCUSSION
Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator-infrared spectrometry (Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation). In addition,Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS).Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal.
As shown in Fig.Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal(Press Felt for Tissue Paper Machine,600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Home Elevator for 2-4 Person,New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price, regardless of the sensor position.High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Fashion Ladies Carteras Cotton Shopper Handbag Set Bolso Shoulder Sling Clutch Cheap Bag No. 30508).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector,Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth.
Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure).
OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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