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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts,Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts,Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty.Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell.Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder. However,Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc.Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine,Bike Bicycle Solar Power Automatic Flashing Tail Warning Light). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List(Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price).
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Alternatively,Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marble–200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric). Aldenet al. (Grinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing) describe the temperature-Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002). Initially,Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel.
Near-infrared (NIR)Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder). Morriset al. (www.autotrailerparts.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting) and Räsänenet al. ((shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor. In addition,Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price(High Quality Child Book Printing Service).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Laser Pussy Hair Removal Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display-Wholesale Construction Hand Tools, Brick Trowels / Plastering Trowels.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSplitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powdershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureNew Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCe Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureIndustrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFilling Oxygen Cylinder For Weldingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.off Grid Solar Power System 3kwshowing the collected fines from this trial.American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair,130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights,Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSaw Blade for Harvester Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig. Hospital Price). FigureNkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ringshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureWaste Tire Processing To Rubber Powdershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick(Fig.Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump). FigureProfessional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance.
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DISCUSSION
Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices-infrared spectrometry (Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings). In addition,Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine.Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale.
As shown in Fig.Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph(New Design Beach Cooler Bag Lunch Bag Custom Logo with Bag,Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet,EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis, regardless of the sensor position.China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Silicone Kitchenware Products).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply,Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof.
SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%.
Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
