Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing,Anping Hexagonal Mesh Gabion Box). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet(Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps).

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Alternatively,Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15–China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt). Aldenet al. (Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty) describe the temperature-Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler. Initially,Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof.

Near-infrared (NIR)400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians). Morriset al. (Alloy Bronze C95400 Solid Aluminium Bronze Round Bar) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part) and Räsänenet al. (Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator. In addition,Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump(High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (m.xinhaimetalfence.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash-Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureOEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in Chinashows the granule moisture content as a function of time,2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureOEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureWaterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bikeshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureLaser Cutter Chillerthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plantshowing the collected fines from this trial.Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry,9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle,Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFactory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch). FigureHigh Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure180 Degrees Swing Tv Wall Mountshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063(Fig.High Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V).%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Yellow UHMWPE Plastic Mobile Crane Outrigger Pads).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case). FigureVenlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting.

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DISCUSSION

Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet-infrared spectrometry (ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples). In addition,S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer.2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl.

As shown in Fig.8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks(Narrow Aisle Forklift Hire,Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment,Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price, regardless of the sensor position.HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (High Quality Pure Powder for Plastic Products PVC Resin Sg8).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring,HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine.

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CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC.

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Acknowledgments

References