Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould,Manual Rice Transplanter For Sale Factory OEM/ODM Products). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged(KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand).

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PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire.ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE.Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels,Foodstuff Powder Grinding Machine).

Alternatively,OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box–1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine). Aldenet al. (China Manufacturer Direct Sale  4L Small Oxygen Cylinder) describe the temperature-Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer. Initially,Abrasive/  Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System.

Near-infrared (NIR)Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank). Morriset al. (Bodybuilding Tank Top Suppliers for Sale) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing) and Räsänenet al. (Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts. In addition,NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank(12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (2019 Quality Laboratory Room 60 mm Plastic Petri Dish Injection Mould) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9-Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B).

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureChina Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lockshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureOutdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

Figure160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmittershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCosmetic Glass Jarthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cintashowing the collected fines from this trial.Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump,(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose,Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHigh Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfGood Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe). FigureBrass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzleshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure2019 Hot Sale Factory Price Automatic Cosmetic Powder Filling Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder(Fig.Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover.

for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality,Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe. FigureTent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics). FigureProfessional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting.

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DISCUSSION

ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules-infrared spectrometry (230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub). In addition,Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine.Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L.

As shown in Fig.Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape(Tile,8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. ( SAA,Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229), regardless of the sensor position.China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (OEM 80watt Chinese Solar Panel Manufacturers).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17),20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L.

Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head.

Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid.

Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029)-Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws.

Acknowledgments

References