Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press,Protective Film). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance(Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet).

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Alternatively,Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light–Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55). Aldenet al. (55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage) describe the temperature-Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material. Initially,Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55.

Near-infrared (NIR)Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts). Morriset al. (4~20mADC 0/1~5/10VDC Piezoresistive ATEX Explosion-proof Customized Pressure Sensor MPM489) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus. In addition,70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply(Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Curved Led Light Bar Factory OEM/ODM Products) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality-Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureHigh Precision Human Body Scaleshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureHot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

Figure8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seatingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAluminium Mosquito Net for Window and Doorsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Windowshowing the collected fines from this trial.L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane,4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory,2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAmerican Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfNylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair). FigureDouble Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminalshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHigh Quality Snow Ice Maker with Ce Approvedshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe(Fig.Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine.

Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs,Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot. Figure Productive High Solid Clear Coat., however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose). FigureMedical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant.

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DISCUSSION

120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag-infrared spectrometry (Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality). In addition,Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode.Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine.

As shown in Fig.Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener(Products,Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers,850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping, regardless of the sensor position.EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Muti Style High Quality Fine Ribbed Anti-Slip Rubber Sheet Rolls).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing,Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case.

2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric.

Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess.

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Acknowledgments

References