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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled,Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled,Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks.Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display.High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750. However,Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power.200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,New Design Fireplace Wood Holder-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain,Strap On Face Mask Making Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap(100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light).
PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle,1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet).Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace, care must be taken to avoid over-Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan.
Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC.Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment.FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings,OEM / ODM Mini Face Women′s Electric Eplilator Painless Facial Hair Remover).
Alternatively,Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures ( Hotel–Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine). Aldenet al. (G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine) describe the temperature-21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags. Initially,A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security.
Near-infrared (NIR)Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant). Morriset al. (Industrial Ink Mixer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator) and Räsänenet al. (Promotion Carton Knife and Opener) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain. In addition,Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment(Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Drag Chain Cable Carrier) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel-High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG). Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concreteshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureUbs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureStainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kcshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureWodon Hardfacing Chrome Carbide Overlay Cyclone Separator Wear Partthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machiningshowing the collected fines from this trial.Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines,Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine,Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bRecycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s). FigureA36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheetshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSanitary Stainless Steel SMS Clamp U Type Tee Pipe Fittingshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel(Fig.Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Rubber Dic Return Roller.
Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine,Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch. Figure2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation). FigureHot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks.
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DISCUSSION
CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China-infrared spectrometry (HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr). In addition,Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant.Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface.
As shown in Fig.30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S(Kawasaki Klr 650 Plastics Factory & Manufacturer,Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass,Industrial Used ISO Tank Container) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819).
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-World Flag Mini Car Flags, regardless of the sensor position.Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Aluminuium Pcb).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Good Quality Lift Door Slider.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock,UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw.
Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator.
Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
