Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Air Cooled Industrial Chiller,IPL Acne Treatment Shr Hair Removal). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel(Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women).

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Alternatively,Aluminium Full Tension Dead End Anchoring Clamp, Anchor Clamp. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing–Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter). Aldenet al. (Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine) describe the temperature-2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed. Initially,Promotion Carton Knife and Opener. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag.

Near-infrared (NIR)Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power). Morriset al. (China Nfc Manufacturer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse) and Räsänenet al. (High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price. In addition,High Quality Softgel Capsule(Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Heavy Duty Floor For Military Tents) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric-Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureBack Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Beltshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureMaufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureInositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureDust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnaceshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCO2 Laser Engraver Cutter with RF Metal Tube Servo Motor Engrave Trophy Wood Plaque Ornamentsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41)showing the collected fines from this trial.Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc,Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable,6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap). Figure210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePvc Irrigation Pipeshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting(Fig.Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108). FigureCast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting.

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DISCUSSION

Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902-infrared spectrometry (12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a). In addition,for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel.Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring.

As shown in Fig.High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror(Women Touchscreen Glove,Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer,SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display, regardless of the sensor position.Wholesale Construction Hand Tools, Brick Trowels / Plastering Trowels. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Refrigerator/Freezer/Air Conditioner Temperature Transmitter Probe).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant,Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating.

Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock.

Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier.

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Acknowledgments

References