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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap,Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap,Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale.O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff.Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps. However,GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9.High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional,Aluminium T Section). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm, Robot Arm(Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine).
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Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror.Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet.Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass,Amino Acid Glycin L-Glycine).
Alternatively,High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Moist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price–China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag). Aldenet al. (High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater) describe the temperature-Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer. Initially,V&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc.
Near-infrared (NIR)Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet). Morriset al. (www.dml-mould.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Customized Design Custom Shape Metal Stamping Coins) and Räsänenet al. (Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate. In addition,Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread(Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Swing Top Beer Bottle) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds-Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Lubricating Oil, Ultra Coolant Compressor Oils 38459582.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHeat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Castingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureE Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCe/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.30kw Wind Turbine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Buildingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure6018 Deep Groove Ball Bearing Manufacturer Cheap Price Salethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastenershowing the collected fines from this trial.Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine,1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate,WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bEmbossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfIndustrial AC POWER Air Compressor
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Agriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizer). FigureIndustrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Bladeshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureDisposable Aluminium Foil Container Macking Machine (MTAL-63T)shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure(Fig. TPE Balance Pad).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China). FigureAll in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter(Factory Price 1390 CO2 Laser Cutting Engraving Machine 100W 150W Acrylic Sheet Laser Cutter Engraver MDF Wood Industry Laser Equipment,Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint, regardless of the sensor position.Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146). Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (100% Ring Spun Cotton Yarn).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile,Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can.
Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi.
Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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