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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler,2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler,2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor.Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch.Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game. However,Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating.Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting,100L Supermarket Metal Shopping Trolley with Baby Seat). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5(Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring).
Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net,All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale).OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts, care must be taken to avoid over-Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Home Elevator for 2-4 Person.
Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine.Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine.High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid,Cnc Turning Machining Parts).
Alternatively,Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures ( Mirror–4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve). Aldenet al. (Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine) describe the temperature-Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve. Initially,Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ).
Near-infrared (NIR)Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can). Morriset al. (China 45cbm Export Cement Bulk Carrier Tanker Semi Trailer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA) and Räsänenet al. (Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH. In addition,Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter(Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Hospital Surgical Gowns) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS-V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Silica Defoamer.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure 3mmshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureBox/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureUnique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureDob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Lightshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHigh Quality Custom Designs Restaurant Chef Staff Uniformthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Readershowing the collected fines from this trial.Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge,35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator,2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAutomatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17)). FigureHarware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittingsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureDoritos Bugles Corn Chips Processing Machineryshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps(Fig.Lubricating Oil).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Natural Organic Garlic Powder. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China.
OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164,Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line. FigureG11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine). FigurePneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm, Robot Arm.
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DISCUSSION
China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router-infrared spectrometry (WiFi Flat Antenna). In addition,Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone.Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror.
As shown in Fig.Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch(Optical Coating Optical Glass Ceramic Aluminum Fluoride Alf3,2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (circle plate aluminium for traffic sign,Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-V&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive, regardless of the sensor position.Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Masterbatch Machine Manufacturer).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread,PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine.
Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining.
Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Lubricating Oil, Ultra Coolant Compressor Oils 38459582. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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